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Background: Appendix is a blind muscular tube derived from the midgut. During the embryogenic development, in the 6th week appendix and cecum appear as out pouching from midguts caudal limb. Acute appendicitis is one the most common diagnosis made whenever patient presents with right illac fossa pain and mostly encountered in young and middle-aged individuals. The diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis depend on clinical presentation, that is, clinical signs and symptoms. The most common presentations in these cases have abdominal pain along with fever, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Various Scoring systems are developed to diagnose acute appendicitis based mainly on the presenting signs and symptoms, but widely none of them are used as an uniform scoring system. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess effectiveness and comparison of modified Alvarado score and Tzanaki’s Score in the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was done in department of General Surgery JLN Medical College Hospital, Ajmer which included 200 patients presenting with the signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis, clinically. During admission the patients were evaluated by Modified Alvarado score and Tzanaki’s Score and final surgical decision was taken by the treating surgeon. Finally, the scores were compared with the histopathological examination of the surgically operated specimen. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of Modified Alvarado Score was 84.26% and 72.7%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 96.15% and negative predictive value of 36.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of Tzanaki’s score was 88.2% and 72.7%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 96.31% and negative predictive value of 43.24%. The diagnostic accuracy of Alvarado score was 83% and that of Tzanaki’s score was 86.5%. Conclusions: Our study showed that Modified Alvarado scoring system is a simple tool with limited features for bedside diagnosis of acute appendicitis, but its effectiveness is not as good as that of Tzanaki’s scoring system.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: While abdominal pain is one of the most prevalent reasons for seeking medical attention, diagnosing elderly adults with acute appendicitis (AA) may be difficult. In this study, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis (RIPASA) and Alvarado ratings were evaluated for diagnostic accuracy in patients who reported to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain and received surgery for AA. METHODS: The data of patients over the age of 65 years who reported to the ER and had appendectomy after being diagnosed with AA were evaluated in this retrospective cohort study. For each patient, the diagnostic accuracy of the Alvarado and RIPASA scores was determined individually. RESULTS: A total of 86 patients were included in the research. The average patient was 71.2 years old, with a male preponderance of 46.5%. Alvarado's score was found to have an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.799, the Youden's index of 0.549, and a p-value of 0.001 after a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study of the Alvarado score in identifying the diagnosis of AA. The AUC was 0.886 (95%CI 0.799-0.944), the Youden's index was 0.642, and a p-value of 0.001 was found in the ROC analysis of the RIPASA score in identifying the diagnosis of AA. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing the two scores used to diagnose AA, we found no statistically significant difference between the RIPASA and Alvarado scores (p=0.09), although the Youden's index for the RIPASA score was higher.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergencies. The rate of negative appendicectomy has been reported to be between 20-30%. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Alvarado scoring system in cutting down the rate of negative appendicectomy without increasing morbidity and mortality.Methods: A study of 100 patients presenting with pain abdomen and diagnosed provisionally as acute appendicitis, was undertaken. Depending on individual presentation, a score was calculated for each case, based on Alvarado scoring system. Operative and conservative intervention was undertaken in patients with scores between 5 and 10 and <5 respectively. The results of Alvarado scoring system, on table operative findings and HPE, were reviewed.Results: A total of 94 patients with score of 7-10 and 5-6 were operated. Among males with score of 7-10, 33 patients were operated and 31 were found to have inflamed appendix. Among females with score of 7-10, 33 patients were operated and 28 were found to have inflamed appendix. The sensitivity of Alvarado scoring system in males with score of 7-10 was found to be 81.57% and among females with score of 7-10 was found to be 75.67%.Conclusions: The Alvarado scoring system is a fast, simple, reliable, non-invasive, repeatable and safe diagnostic modality without extra expense and complications.
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RESUMEN Introducción: La apendicitis aguda es la enfermedad quirúrgica más común en cirugía de urgencia; sin embargo, sigue siendo un problema diagnóstico. Objetivos: Evaluar la escala de Alvarado como herramienta diagnóstica en la apendicitis aguda. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional y descriptivo con fases analíticas en un universo de 107 pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica de apendicitis aguda, en el Hospital Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, Granma, en el período de enero a mayo de 2019. Los datos fueron procesados en el sistema Excel estimándose los parámetros predictivos de efectividad clínica. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos (63,55 por ciento) con una edad media de 29,64 años y un tiempo medio de evolución de los síntomas de 33,74 horas. La aplicación de la escala de Alvarado resultó en 87 pacientes (81,31 por ciento) con probable diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda y donde el 3,74 por ciento de los pacientes no padecían la enfermedad. La escala demostró una sensibilidad (84 por ciento) y una especificidad (80 por ciento) que la hace recomendable para la práctica clínica habitual. Conclusiones: La escala de Alvarado es un sistema de puntuación predictivo simple, no invasivo y recomendable para su uso en la práctica clínica habitual en cualquier escenario y por cualquier médico de asistencia(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the commonest surgical disease in emergency surgery; however, it remains a diagnostic problem. Objectives: To evaluate the Alvarado score as a diagnostic tool for acute appendicitis. Methods: We carried out an observational and descriptive study, with analytical phases, of a population of 107 patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis, at Carlos Manuel de Céspedes University Hospital in Bayamo, Granma, from January to May 2019. The data were processed in the Excel system, and the predictive parameters of clinical effectiveness were estimated. Results: Male patients (63.55 percent) predominated, with a mean age of 29.64 years and a mean time of evolution of symptoms of 33.74 hours. Application of the Alvarado score resulted in 87 patients (81.31 percent) with a probable diagnosis of acute appendicitis, 3.74 percent of which did not suffer from the disease. The score demonstrated a sensitivity (84 percent) and a specificity (80 percent) that makes it recommendable for routine clinical practice. Conclusions: The Alvarado score is a simple, noninvasive predictive scoring system recommended to be used in routine clinical practice in any setting and by any attending physician(AU)
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Humans , Male , Adult , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Sensitivity and Specificity , Emergencies , Appendicitis/surgery , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Background: Acute appendicitis standout amongst the most widely recognized reasons for intense stomach torment. There is no ideal symptomatic assessment apparatus to distinguish acute appendix if indications are ambiguous, bringing about longer analytic procedure and it might prompt deferring of medical procedure and related increment in morbidity and fatality. In the meantime, speedy management may prompt negative appendectomy with expanded morbidity and consumption of healthcare resources.Methods: A Hospital based one year prospective study was conducted at KLEs Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital Belagavi, Karnataka from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018 and required data was collected from 100 patient who were clinically diagnosed to have acute appendicitis and all patients were assessed using Alvarado score and Tzanakis score and HPR for all patients were used as gold standard to evaluate the efficacy of both scoring systems.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of Tzanakis score was 80.6% (at score >8) and 100% (at score >8) respectively. positive predictive value in present study being 100% and negative predictive value being 41.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of Alvarado score was 11.3% (at score >8) and 100% (at score >8) respectively.Conclusions: Tzanakis Score outperformed Alvarado score displaying higher sensitivity with similar specificity.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency worldwide. The treatment of choice is emergency appendectomy. A delayed diagnosis and hence a delayed treatment increases the complication rate. Despite the best efforts negative appendectomy rate is still high since there is no single best test available to reach the diagnosis.Methods: This was an institutional study conducted at DRPGMC Tanda, comprising of 28 patients and 7 healthy controls. The patients with clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis were subjected to appendectomy after taking a blood sample for serum procalcitonin and performing an ultrasonogram of abdomen.Results: We observed that mean levels of procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in patients of acute appendicitis in comparison to healthy controls. The range of PCT levels in group 2 i.e., patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis were from 0.54 to 0.74 ng/ml with mean value of 0.61 ng/ml, whereas in group 3 i.e. patients with complicated acute appendicitis, the range were from 1.14 to 2.56 ng/ml with mean value of 1.62 ng/ml. PCT levels were significantly higher in group 3 as compared to group 1 and group 2 (p<0.0001). In group 2, mean PCT levels were significantly higher in comparison to group 1 (p<0.0001). Statistical analysis of our data shows a cut-off value of procalcitonin to be 0.203 ng/ml. We observed sensitivity and specificity of PCT to be 96% and 100% respectively.Conclusions: This study concludes that levels of serum PCT can be used as a laboratory marker for making a diagnosis of acute appendicitis and also for predicting its severity.
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Introduction: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis has essentially been clinical, but USG abdomen has been said to be highly accurate in diagnosing AA. The surgeon’s perspective may not always be the same. Materialsand methods: Appendectomy data of 106 patients from two hospitals of Kangra region was retrospectively analysed. The data was collected for age, sex, initial pre-operative diagnosis, USG findings, intra-operative findings, Histo-pathological examination (HPE) report, post operative hospital stay. Observations:It revealed a sensitivity of about 54% and specificity of 100% for diagnosing AA with the help of USG abdomen. AA was seen most commonly in males as compared to females. Mean age of presentation was 29.34 +/-14.4 years. Mean hospital stay was 3.68 +/-2.25 days. Most common initial preoperative diagnosis was AA (84%). Most common position of the appendix during surgery was retrocecal (53.7%). HPE report revealed AA in 105 patients. Conclusion:USG abdomen is often falsely assuring, leading to unnecessary delay in effectively managing a patient of AA further leading to increased complications. Only the clinically equivocal cases require further radiological investigations where CECT abdomen is the preferred investigation, but it should be used judiciously.
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Background: The objective of this study is to study the impact of combined use of Alvarado score and computed tomography (CT) scan on negative appendectomy rate.Methods: This prospective observational study comprising of patients presenting with clinical features of appendicitis admitted to department of general surgery, VIMSAR, Burla from November 2017 to October 2019, where Alvarado score and ultrasonography (USG) findings are mismatching each other. Alvarado scores calculated and categorized in 2 groups as negative (score <4) and positive (score ≥4). These patients were also subjected to USG and categorized as negative (USG -ve) and positive (USG +ve). Those patients having discrepancy in both the findings were subjected to CT scan. On histopathological examination, inflamed appendix in 63 (97%) patients and non-inflamed in 2 (3%). Rest patients were either discharged (both -ve) or operated (both +ve). Results: Total 84 patients showed discrepancy between Alvarado score and USG findings and are subjected to CT scan abdomen and pelvis. CT scan was positive for appendicitis in 65 cases (where appendectomy done) and negative for appendicitis in 19 cases (where the diagnosis is different). patient. Thus, negative appendectomy (NAR) is 3% in this study.Conclusions: Alvarado score and ultrasonography could not be used as absolute tool in doubtful and equivocal cases, where combined use of CT scan with Alvarado score and USG has definitely has an edge by diagnosing the differentials and reducing NAR followed by reduction in cost and length of hospital stay.
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Acute appendicitis affects human beings irrespective of age, nationality and region. Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical cause of emergency laparotomy. Considering the difficulties and challenges involved in accurate clinical diagnosis, there is a need for a validated, objective protocol for enabling the diagnosis. This study was carried out to validate the modified Alvarado score (MASS) and correlate with ultrasound and post-operative histopathological examination.METHODSThis cohort study was carried out among 100 patients who were suspected with acute appendicitis. Upon clinical evaluation and ultrasound evaluation, Modified Alvarado Score was computed, and patients were taken up for laparotomy/ laparoscopic surgery. The resected specimens were sent for histopathological examination.RESULTSMajority of the participants had a score >7 (74%) of which 51 were males, 21 were females and two were children. Ultrasound detected positive cases in 90% of the participants, while acute appendicitis by histopathology was present in 54% of the participants. There was a statistically significant correlation with Modified Alvarado score (p<0.0001). Negative appendicectomy was prevalent in 21% of the participants.CONCLUSIONSModified Alvarado Scoring system is ideal for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis since it is simple to use, easy to apply and relies only on history, clinical examination and basic lab investigations.
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Background: Different scoring systems have been created to increase diagnostic accuracy, and they are inexpensive, non-invasive, and easy to use and reproduce. The modified Alvarado score is widely used in emergency services. The Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis (RIPASA) score was formulated in 2010 and has greater sensitivity and specificity. The aim of our article was to compare the usefulness of modified RIPASA score and Alvarado score in the diagnosis of patients with abdominal pain and suspected acute appendicitis.Methods: A prospective study was undertaken among 100 cases presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute appendicitis, conducted at the Narayana medical college hospital, Nellore. The questionnaires used for the evaluation process were applied to the patients suspected of having appendicitis.Results: A total of 100 patients, 95% underwent laparoscopic procedure. The cut-off threshold point of the Alvarado score was set at 7.0, which yielded a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 52%. The positive predictive value was 65%. The cut-off threshold point of the modified RIPASA score was set at 7.5, which yielded 90% sensitivity and 72% specificity. The positive predictive value was 89% and the NPV was 30%.Conclusions: On comparing both the scores, sensitivity and specificity was higher for modified RIPASA score. The positive predictive value was higher for the Alvarado and negative predictive value was higher for RIPASA score. Bothe p values were statistically significant.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgically correctable acute abdomen presenting at emergency department worldwide. Inspite of all advances in diagnostic modalities and surgical techniques, diagnosis remains difficult sometimes as a challenge and delayed decision making complicates this surgical disease. Alvarado scoring system is one of available scoring system for diagnosis of acute appendicitis, based on history, clinical examination, lab investigations and easy to apply, helps in clinical decision regarding planning surgery and avoid negative laparotomies. The aim of the study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of Alvarado scoring system in preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis and correlating with postoperative findings.Methods: This study was conducted in 100 cases of suspected appendicitis admitted in surgery department of Rajiv Gandhi Speciality Hospital, Agatti Island, Lakshadweep, Union territory of India, from July 2015 to June 2017 adopting Alvarado scoring system. Results were analyzed.Results: Out of 100 patients admitted with suspected acute appendicitis, number of cases operated suspecting acute appendicitis were 83 of which 80 were found to have acutely inflamed appendix. Results of Alvarado score of operated patients are as follows: 80 patients had score 7-10, and 3 patients had score 5-6, patients with Alvarado score <5 (17 pts) were managed conservatively.Conclusions: The Alvarado scoring system is a simple and useful diagnostic tool for diagnosis of acute appendicitis with acceptable sensitivity and specificity and can be used with high degree of accuracy. Our findings suggest that patients presenting with abdominal pain and Alvarado scores greater than 7 are more likely to have appendicitis.
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@#Introduction: Ultrasound is widely available, easy-to-use and less expensive than most other imaging methods. It is widely used as a non-invasive method to diagnose acute appendicitis; however, its efficiency still remains questionable, especially when compared to costlier and invasive methods such as computed tomography. Methods: An exploratory review of past literatures on the usage of ultrasound technique in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adult patients, and the role of other imaging techniques were undertaken for the study. Results: The gold standard for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis still remains a histopathological confirmation after appendectomy. The study further shows imaging has high diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with low rate of negative appendectomy (<10%). Multiple reasons are identified, including the introduction of computed tomography imaging especially in those patients where ultrasound was unequivocal, more education on imaging which leads to better operator skill or improved performances of machines. Conclusion: Imaging undoubtedly plays an important role in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with ultrasound remaining the first-line method in patients referred with clinically suspected acute appendicitis. Nevertheless, those with borderline ultrasound findings or unable to visualize appendix on ultrasound with highly suspicious sign and symptoms were offered other imaging modalities such as CT scan. Recommendation: It is recommended that the managing team balance the risk of radiation exposure, risk of delay in urgent operation and risk of perforation prior to a decision.
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Introducción: El diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda en niños, no por frecuente, deja de ser aún desafiante a pesar de la mayor experiencia clínica y los mejores estudios complementarios. Objetivo: Determinar el desempeño diagnóstico de la escala de Alvarado para la apendicitis aguda en el niño. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo en 452 pacientes de 5 a 18 años de edad que ingresaron en el Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Centro Habana, con diagnóstico de dolor abdominal o apendicitis aguda, entre enero de 2016 y enero de 2017. Resultados: El 77,0 por ciento de los casos presentaron apendicitis. La especificidad y el valor predictivo positivo de la escala, con el punto de corte en 7, fueron de 0,90 y 0,95, respectivamente; sin embargo, la sensibilidad, el valor predictivo negativo y la precisión diagnóstica tuvieron valores bajos. El punto de corte de la escala más equilibrado se determinó en 6. Solamente 3 casos con apendicitis obtuvieron un puntaje menor de 4. El área bajo la Curva de Características Operativas del Receptor fue de 0,85. Conclusiones: La escala tiene una buena especificidad y valor predictivo positivo, así como un desempeño discriminativo general aceptable. No resulta apropiada como herramienta única para el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda en el escenario clínico real. No obstante, sería útil para descartar la enfermedad con un elevado nivel de certeza(AU)
Introduction: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children is although frequent still challenging and in despite of the higher clinical experience and the more effective laboratory and imaging studies. Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of Alvarado score for acute appendicitis in children. Methods: An observational, analytic and prospective study was conducted on 452 patients aged from 5 to 18 years old whom were admitted to the Pediatric Surgery service of Centro Habana Pediatric Hospital from January 2016 to January 2017 with a diagnosis of abdominal pain or acute appendicitis, Results: 77.0 percent of admitted patients had diagnosis of appendicitis. The specificity and positive predictive value of the score were 0.90 and 0.95, respectively, considering 7 as the cutoff point; however, the sensitivity, the negative predictive value and the diagnostic accuracy had low values. The most balanced cutoff point was determined to be 6. Only 3 positive cases had scores under 4. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve was 0.85. Conclusions: The score had good specificity and positive predictive value, as well as an acceptable general discriminative performance. However, it didn't result appropriate as a unique tool for diagnosing acute appendicitis in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, it would be useful for ruling out the condition with a high level of certainty(AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Area Under Curve , Clinical Decision Rules , Appendicitis/epidemiology , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Background: Present study outlines the outcomes of laparoscopic appendicectomy compared to open conventional appendicectomy in a tertiary care set up with aim to validate advantages and shortcomings of both procedures.Methods: A series of 80 cases above 18 years of age with clinical diagnosis of appendicitis having Alvarado score of seven and above were studied prospectively under the two groups after proper written consent: Open appendectomy-40 cases, Laparoscopic appendectomy-40 cases. Both groups were compared on grounds of intra-operative complications, additional diagnostic potential, operative time, postoperative analgesia, post-operative complications, length of hospital stay, subjective cosmesis, and return to routine normal activities. Values obtained were statistically analyzed.Results: The median operative time in Laparoscopic Appendicectomy was 58.22 minutes (range 32.68-85.46 min) as compared to open procedure which took 43.65 minutes (30.36-65.48min) (P<0.05). Conversion to open procedure was done in 10% (n=4) of laparoscopic cases. Mean value of postoperative pain by visual analogue scale was low in Laparoscopic Appendicectomy (LA) compared to Open Appendicectomy (OA) (P<0.05). Mean post-operative stay (3.2±0.34 days versus 2.3±0.24 days) and surgical site infection was recorded in 10 patients (25%) in OA group and 5 (13.9%) in LA group (P<0.05).Conclusions: It can be concluded that laparoscopic surgery is safe with greater diagnostic potential for additional pathologies and better Subjective cosmesis . But all these merits were at the price of longer operating time and a specialized set up needed for laparoscopy.
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Introduction: Appendix is surely, the most commonlyharvested organ of the body. On looking up the literature,we found, that the negative appendectomy rates have beenconsistently maintained all through these years. Negativeappendectomy not only increases economic burden on healthcare facilities of a developing country like India, but alsohas a negative impact on the overall health of the patient.The following study was therefore, taken up to evaluate thediagnostic accuracy of the Modified Alvarado scoring systemand its ultimate effect on mortality and morbidity of the patient.Though this is an old score, but we restudied it, to revalidateas well as to promote the use of this simple, economicaland objective clinical score which actually uses establishedclinical methods, important for residents training program, toreach the diagnosis instead of the costly radiological methods.Material and methods: 50 patients presenting with thelower quadrant abdominal pain and fulfilling the inclusioncriteria were selected randomly and included in the study.Modified Alvarado Score was calculated for each one ofthem. Confirmation of the diagnosis was done after thehistopathological examination of appendix.Results: Modified Alvarado Score >7 was found in 80% (i.e.82.75% of males and 76.19% of females) of patients withappendicitis. In addition to these findings, we also got exactinformation about the age and sex distribution along withthe most common presenting complaint, the postoperativecomplications and the need for post operative stay inappendicitis patients.Conclusion: Modified Alvarado Score is a fast, simple,noninvasive, repeatable and highly economical score. Whenapplied purposefully and objectively, it can prevent delayin surgeries and hence complications as well as can reducenegative appendectomies.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of Abdominal surgical emergencies with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1 in 7 worldwide. It is associated with high morbidity and occasional mortality related to the failure of making an early diagnosis. Aim of the study: To compare the efficacy of Modified Alvarado Score and Tzanakis Score in Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the year 2018. Totally 100 patients between the age of 12 to 75 who presented to the General Surgery department of Govt. Royapettah Hospital with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis and underwent emergency open appendicectomy were included in the study. Both Modified Alvarado Score and Zanakis score were done for all the patients at the time of admission and prior to surgery. Even the patients with scores below the cutoff values were subjected to surgery based on clinical assessment and judgment. Patients were either subjected to emergency laparotomy at the time of admission or after few hours of conservative management. Emergency appendicectomy was done by the open method under spinal or general anesthesia in all cases. Results: The mean age of patients was 22.93 years with a standard deviation of 6.86 years. 83% of patients had histologically proven appendicitis. Overall negative appendicectomy rate was 17%. The sensitivity and specificity of Modified Alvarado Score was 95.81% and 94.11% with a positive predictive value of 98.75% and the negative predictive value of 80%. The positive likely hood ratio was 16.18 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.05. The sensitivity and specificity of Tzanakis score was 97.59% and 94.11% respectively with a positive predictive value of 98.78% and negative S. Dharmarajan, R. Arvindraj. A study comparing modified Alvarado score and Tzanakis score for diagnosing acute appendicitis. IAIM, 2019; 6(5): 137-141. Page 138 predictive value of 88.88%. The positive likely hood ratio was 16.59 and negative likelihood ratio was 0.03. Conclusion: This study shows that Tzanakis scoring system can be used as an effective modality in the establishment of accuracy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. There is increased sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in Tzanakis scoring when compared to the modified Alvarado score.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen in young adults requiring Emergency Surgery. Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis clinically still remains a common surgical problem. Accurate diagnosis can be aided by additional testing or expectant management or both. These might delay surgery and lead to appendicular perforation with increased morbidity and hospital stay. The aim of the study: To study the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in cases of acute appendicitis and its complications (Gangrenous/ Perforated). Materials and methods: This Prospective study was done in the Department of General Surgery, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital in 2017. Patient admitted with clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis or its complications (Perforated/ Gangrenous) in the Emergency. Final HPE was considered as a gold standard for diagnosing and categorizing patients as having Normal Appendix, Acute appendicitis and Acute appendicitis with Perforation/Gangrene. Results: Out of 246 cases of Acute appendicitis 42 Cases were Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendix (17.07%). Out of 42 cases of Gangrenous/ Perforated appendix maximum cases seen in the Age group 21-30 years (31%) and least seen in below 10 years (0.0%). Above 50 years no of cases of Gangrenous/ Perforated appendix were 3 (7.1%). Rebound tenderness predominantly present in cases of Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendicitis than Acute appendicitis cases and its statistically significant. Among 246 cases minimum age was 9 and the maximum age was 65 years and the mean age was 24 years. Mean Total leukocyte count was 12687 and Mean polymorph count was 75. Serum mean total T. Avvai, S. Nedunchezian. To study the role of hyperbilirubinemia as a marker of gangrenous/ perforated appendicitis. IAIM, 2019; 6(3): 272-277. Page 273 bilirubin was .92 and maximum was 2.4 Alvarado’s score maximum seen was 10 and least was 5 with mean about 7. Conclusion: Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of Acute appendicitis with raised serum bilirubin should be considered as having high predictive potential for Appendicular gangrene/ Perforation. Serum Bilirubin is an important adjunct in diagnosing the presence of Gangrenous/ Perforated Appendicitis along with other diagnostic aids.
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Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical conditions requiring emergency appendectomy. The diagnosis is usually suspected clinically and confirmed on either ultrasound or Computed tomography. The aim of our study is to improve the diagnostic accuracy of acute appendicitis and reduce the rate of negative appendectomy. We have modified the Alvarado’s score by incorporating C- reactive protein and deleting two of its components (leukocyte shift to left and migration of pain from umbilical region to right iliac fossa). Methods: We successfully used this scoring system on a sample size of 100 patients. Out of 100 patients, diagnosis was confirmed on histopathological examination in 76 patients. Neutrophilic infiltration of the muscularis layer was considered as the diagnostic criteria for acute appendicitis. Ten patients were diagnosed only on CECT abdomen as Appendicular lump. These patients were not operated. Alternate diagnoses were made in twelve patients with MAS score of 5 or less and in two patients with MAS score of more than 6. Results: On statistical analysis, the result showed that the MAS is a very specific (85.7%) and highly sensitive (95.3%) in detecting Acute Appendicitis, taking Histopathology or CT as gold standard test. While, the positive predictive value is 97.6%, negative predictive value is only 75%. Conclusions: This means that it is difficult to rule out acute appendicitis in patients with lower scores. However, for such patients further investigations can be done to reach to a final diagnosis.
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@#BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical condition presented in emergency departments worldwide. Clinical scoring systems, such as the Alvarado and modified Alvarado scoring systems, were developed with the goal of reducing the negative appendectomy rate to 5%–10%. The Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis (RIPASA) scoring system was established in 2008 specifically for Asian populations. The aim of this study was to compare the modified Alvarado with the RIPASA scoring system in Kuwait population. METHODS: This study included 180 patients who underwent appendectomies and were documented as having "acute appendicitis" or "abdominal pain" in the operating theatre logbook (unit B) from November 2014 to March 2016. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), diagnostic accuracy, predicted negative appendectomy and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the modified Alvarado and RIPASA scoring systems were derived using SPSS statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were included in this study according to our criteria. The cut-off threshold point of the modified Alvarado score was set at 7.0, which yielded a sensitivity of 82.8% and a specificity of 56%. The PPV was 89.3% and the NPV was 42.4%. The cut-off threshold point of the RIPASA score was set at 7.5, which yielded a 94.5% sensitivity and an 88% specificity. The PPV was 97.2% and the NPV was 78.5%. The predicted negative appendectomy rates were 10.7% and 2.2% for the modified Alvarado and RIPASA scoring systems, respectively. The negative appendectomy rate decreased significantly, from 18.4% to 10.7% for the modified Alvarado, and to 2.2% for the RIPASA scoring system, which was a significant difference (P<0.001) for both scoring systems. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, the RIPASA score is a simple scoring system with better sensitivity and specificity than the modified Alvarado scoring system in Asian populations. It consists of 14 clinical parameters that can be obtained from a good patient history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations. The RIPASA scoring system is more accurate and specific than the modified Alvarado scoring system for Kuwait population.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: La Escala de Alvarado se basa en síntomas, signos clínicos y hallazgos de laboratorio que se encuentran comúnmente en la apendicitis aguda; su principal valor radica en aplicar en forma ordenada y sistematizada un adecuado interrogatorio, exploración física e interpretación de los estudios básicos de laboratorio disponibles en la mayoría de las unidades de salud que atienden urgencias. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la escala de Alvarado en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en el Hospital Roosevelt. Metodología: Validación de prueba diagnóstica en pacientes con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda de la Emergencia de Cirugía de Adultos del Hospital Roosevelt en el período de enero a octubre 2014. Resultados: En el presente estudio, se incluyó un total de 105 pacientes, de los cuales 55 (52%) correspondió al sexo femenino y 50 (48%) al sexo masculino. A la totalidad de pacientes sometidos a cirugía se les realizó estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica pudiendo evidenciar que según Escala de Alvarado, los pacientes que obtuvieron un valor igual o mayor a 7 puntos con indicación clara de cirugía fueron 75, de los cuales 68 tuvieron diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda confirmada, mientras que únicamente 7 tuvieron diagnóstico negativo, resultando un valor predictivo positivo de 90%. Por otra parte los pacientes que obtuvieron un valor igual o menor a los seis puntos fueron 30, y solo 3 tuvieron diagnóstico confirmado de apendicitis aguda, mientras que 27 tuvieron diagnóstico negativo, dando un valor predictivo negativo del 90%. En este estudio se obtuvo una sensibilidad (95%) y especificidad de (79%) Conclusiones: La Escala de Alvarado es útil como herramienta diagnóstica para apendicitis aguda, con alta sensibilidad, buena especificidad y un valor predictivo adecuado,
Background: Alvarado Score is based on symptoms, clinical signs and laboratory fndings that are commonly found in acute appendicits; its main value lies in applying systematc and orderly appropriate history, physical examinaton and interpretaton of basic laboratory studies available in most health units that serve the emergency room. Objectve: Determine the sensitvity and specifcity of the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicits at Roosevelt Hospital. Methodology: Validaton of a diagnostc test in patents diagnosed with acute appendicits in the surgical emergency room of Roosevelt Hospital in the period from January to October 2014. Results: In this study, we included a total of 105 patents, of whom 55 (52%) corresponded to the female sex and 50 (48%) were male. All patents undergoing surgery, underwent pathological examinaton of the surgical specimen and may show that according to Alvarado score, patents who obtained a value equal to or greater than 7 points, clear indicaton of surgery was 75, of whom 68 had confrmed diagnosis of acute appendicits, while only 7 had negatve diagnosis, resultng in a positve predictve value of 90%. Moreover patents who obtained a value equal to or less than six points were 30, and only 3 had confrmed diagnosis of acute appendicits, while 27 had negatve diagnosis, giving a negatve predictve value of 90%. In this study sensitvity (95%) and specifcity (79%) was obtained. Conclusions: Alvarado Score is useful as a diagnostc tool for acute appendicits with high sensitvity, good specifcity and adequate predictve value